compared with the present form of the Hebrew Bible. The text of the Hebrew Bible used today is referred to as the Masoretic Text (from the Hebrew word masorah, which means “tradition”). However, in the pre-Christian centuries different versions of or variations on the text of the Hebrew Bible circulated (mostly with relatively minor differences). After the Masoretic Text became authoritative (ca. 100 C.E.), the other versions ceased to circulate and disappeared. The biblical scrolls from Qumran include
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